PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

• You have seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?
• You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

• I have seen that movie twenty times.
• I think I have met him once before.
• There have been many earthquakes in California.
• People have traveled to the Moon.
• People have not traveled to Mars.
• Have you read the book yet?
• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
• A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
  B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

• I have been to France.
  This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
• I have been to France three times.
  You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
• I have never been to France.
  This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
• I think I have seen that movie before.
• He has never traveled by train.
• Joan has studied two foreign languages.
• A: Have you ever met him?
  B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

• You have grown since the last time I saw you.
• The government has become more interested in arts education.
• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
• My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

• Man has walked on the Moon.
• Our son has learned how to read.
• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
• Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

• James has not finished his homework yet.
• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
• Bill has still not arrived.
• The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

• The army has attacked that city five times.
• I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
• We have had many major problems while working on this project.
• She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

• Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
• I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
• They have had three tests in the last week.
• She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
• My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

• I went to Mexico last year.
  I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
• I have been to Mexico in the last year.
  I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

• I have had a cold for two weeks.
• She has been in England for six months.
• Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You have only seen that movie one time.
• Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Many tourists have visited that castle. Active

•  That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

 Function

The present perfect is used when the time period has not finished.

I have seen three movies this week.
(This week has not finished yet.)

The present perfect is often used when the time is not mentioned.

Gerry has failed his exam again.

The present perfect is often used when the time is recent.

Ikuko has just arrived in Victoria.

The present perfect is often used with for and since.

Greg has lived here for 20 years.
Greg has lived here since 1978.

 

Simple Past Tense

FORM

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

Examples:

• You called Debbie.
• Did you call Debbie?
• You did not call Debbie.

Complete List of Simple Past Forms

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

• I saw a movie yesterday.
• I didn't see a play yesterday.
• Last year, I traveled to Japan.
• Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
• Did you have dinner last night?
• She washed her car.
• He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

• I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
• He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
• Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

• I lived in Brazil for two years.
• Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
• They sat at the beach all day.
• They did not stay at the party the entire time.
• We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
• A: How long did you wait for them?
  B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

• I studied French when I was a child.
• He played the violin.
• He didn't play the piano.
• Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
• She worked at the movie theater after school.
• They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

Examples:

• She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
• He didn't like tomatoes before.
• Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
• People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.

Examples:

• When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
• She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.

Example:

• I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You just called Debbie.
• Did you just call Debbie?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Tom repaired the car. Active
• The car was repaired by Tom. Passive

Past Continuous Tense

FORM

[was/were + present participle]

Examples:

• You were studying when she called.
• Were you studying when she called?
• You were not studying when she called.

Complete List of Past Continuous Forms

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

• I was watching TV when she called.
• When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
• While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
• What were you doing when the earthquake started?
• I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
• You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
• While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
• Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
• While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
• A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
  B: I was snowboarding.

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:

• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
• At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
• Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.

Examples:

• Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
  I started eating at 6 PM.
• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
  I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.

USE 3 Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Examples:

• I was studying while he was making dinner.
• While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
• Were you listening while he was talking?
• I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
• What were you doing while you were waiting?
• Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
• They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

USE 4 Atmosphere

In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.

Example:

• When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.

USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:

• She was always coming to class late.
• He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
• I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

 

While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.

Examples:

• I was studying when she called.
• While I was studying, she called.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.

Examples:

• Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
• Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You were just studying when she called.
• Were you just studying when she called?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Active
• The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Passive

Simple Present Tense

Simple present is used to indicate  a situation that exixsts right now, it is used for general statements of fact and used for habitual or everday activity.

a. habitual  action

   - Fahmi usually eats fried rice for breakfast.

b. general truth

  -A year has twelve months

Simple present pattern :

1. Nominal (kalimat dengan predikat bukan kata kerja, kata kerjanya berupa TO BE : Is, Am, Are)

Ex.(+) He is a dancer ( S + To Be + C)

(-)He is not a dancer ( S + To Be + Not  + C)

(?)Is he a dancer ? (Tobe + S + C)

When using word questions (W/H questions such as What, Who, When, Why, Where, Which,How), we simply put the question word in the beginning of the sentence and followed by the form of question pattern above.

Example : Why is he happy?

(W/H question + To Be + S + C )

2. Verbal (kalimat dengan predikat berupa kata kerja)

(+)S + Verb-1 – s/es + C/O/adv

I study English everyday

He plays basketball every Tuesday

(-)S +  Do/Does + Not + Verb-1 + C/O/adv

They do not eat meat

She doesn’t borrow comics everday

(?)Do/Does  + S + Verb-1 + C/O/adv

Do yo drink beer?

Does she understand the lesson?

Spellingof third person singular forms

a. Most verbs :

    Add-s to infinitive

Example :

Work  = Works

Drink  = Drinks

Meet  = Meets

b. Verb ending in consonants + y :

Change y become i + s

Example :

Fly   = Flies

Cry  = Cries

Rely = Relies

c. Verbs ending in s, z, ch, or x :

Add es to infinitive

Example :

Miss = Misses

Buzz  = Buzzes

Watch = Watches

Push = Pushes

Fix = Fixes

d. Verbs ending in vocals  -o :

Add-es to infinitive

Example :

Go = Goes

Do = Does

Additional : have = has

Do = I, you, we, they

Does = she,he,i, The star, Miss Yuri, Mr.Simple

Adverb of time (Keterangan Waktu)

Everyday

Every week

In the morning

Every/each

Every month

Every year

At seven

Once/twice a day

Adverb of frequency (keterangan pengulangan)

Always

Never

Sometimes

Ever

Seldom

Often

Usually

INVITATION

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.           

1.Function / Purpose : To invite someone to attend an occasion.

2.The Structure/Parts : The Addressee (The person invited)

 -It should have an accurate addressee

- It gives clear time, place, and activity

- It provides sufficient information about the invite

3.Characteristic of invitation:
☺ use future tense
☺ usually in card invitation

       

       There are two types of invitation :

     

         FORMAL INVITATION

       Formal invitation is usually originate from institutes, companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

         Writing a formal invitation letter is actually easier than the informal ones. The format of the informal invitation letter is an important aspect, which should be more precise than elaborate. You should come to the subject matter directly and use of informal wordings should be avoided. Such kind of letters are exchanges for business, sales, grants, delegations etc. At schools or universities, formal invitation is given to students and their family for attending any event or meeting. Students also send an invitation to teachers for attending any event or exhibition organized by them. The letter must contain the address of the inviter and the invitee as well. A business letter should clearly express the persons views regarding the business deal and other important matters concerned. In short, the format must have a professional appeal. Also note that, it should have the logo of the company at its letterhead. Here's the format. 

 

Invitation Letter Example for Sales

Letterhead

Mobile Parts Sales, North Street, Alabama 32, Phone no. XXXX, April 15, 2010. Dear valued customer, You have been our customer since we opened our business last year. It's in our records and we would like to thank you for your patronage. To celebrate our success we are inviting all our valued customers and other delegates this Sunday. The event will be showcased at 6 p.m. Our products will be discounted at 50% on that day. We will be grateful to you for accepting the gift vouchers from our side. Coffee and snacks will be served at the evening. We look forward to see you on Sunday. For admittance, kindly bring the invitation with you. Sincerely, Signature, Name, Address or Venue

 

The choice of vocabulary when writing such a letter is yours, and so is the presentation and the calligraphy. Last but not the least, your language should be free from grammatical and spelling errors. These samples should help you write a good invitation letter.
Formal Invitation : is usually originate from institute, companies, and kind of it. Normally, Formal Invitation is written invitation.

 

         

          INFORMAL INVITATION

Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be  written invitation and verbal invitation. Occasions like birthdays, marriage and various other types of social functions are informal in nature. Invitation letters for informal occasions are usually cordial, friendly, welcoming and wholehearted. It should always make the invitee feel special and that his presence in the occasion is most eagerly awaited. There is no particular rule for an informal letter format. However, your invitation letter

have a warm approach.

 Invitation Letter Example for Birthday  

How To Express Informal  verbal Invitation?

–> EXTENDING/INVITE

• Let’s go to the Jakarta Fair!
• I hope you’ll come to my party.
• Please try to come.
• Would you like to come to my house?
• Would you like to join us?
• Are you free this afternoon?
• I would like to invite you to…

–> ACCEPTING

• I’d love to.
• I like that.
• It sounds interesting.
• It’s very nice of you to invite me.
• That would be wonderful.
• That sounds great.
• Thank you for the invitation.

–> REFUSING

• I’d love to, but I can’t.
• Sorry, I’m really busy.
• I’d love to, but I have many homeworks.
• I’m afraid I can’t.
• I’m really sorry.
• I’d love to, but I won’t be able to come, because…
• Sorry I can’t. I have to go to Jakarta this evening.